Force and ray diagrams require precise construction and complete labeling to earn full marks in A-Level Physics. Step-by-Step Solution: Force diagrams must show all forces as arrows proportional to their magnitude, starting from the point of application Label each force with both magnitude (in Newtons) and directio
Internal resistance (r) is the opposition to current flow within a power supply itself, causing the terminal potential difference (V) to be less than the EMF (ε) according to the equation: V = ε - Ir Step-by-Step Solution: Internal resistance exists due to the physical components within the power supply (e.g., batte
Simple Harmonic Motion is oscillatory motion where the restoring force is directly proportional to displacement from equilibrium position and acts in the opposite direction (-kx). Step-by-Step Solution: Conditions for SHM: 1. Restoring force ∝ -displacement (F = -kx) 2. Motion must be about a fixed equilibrium pos
A capacitor stores electrical energy by accumulating opposite charges on two parallel conducting plates separated by an insulator (dielectric), creating a potential difference. Step-by-Step Solution: When connected to a voltage source, electrons flow to one plate (negative) while electrons are removed from the other
An LED can fail to light up due to three key semiconductor properties: incorrect polarity (reverse bias), insufficient forward voltage to overcome the band gap, or excessive reverse voltage causing breakdown. Step-by-Step Solution: In reverse bias, electrons cannot cross p-n junction as depletion layer widens, preve
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