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Explain the structure and the functions of the different parts of the heart
The heart is a crucial organ in the circulatory system, primarily responsible for pumping blood throughout the body to supply oxygen and remove waste products. Structurally, the heart is divided into four chambers: two upper chambers called atria and two lower chambers called ventricles. These chambers are separated b
Explain the concept of 'induced fit' using the enzyme hexokinase as an example.
Hexokinase undergoes a conformational change upon substrate binding, essentially 'clamping down' on the substrate, glucose, in an induced fit manner. This enhances the catalytic activity and specificity of the enzyme, aiding in the phosphorylation of glucose, a key step in glycolysis.
How is RNA different from DNA in terms of structure and function?
Structurally, RNA is usually single-stranded and has ribose sugar, while DNA is double-stranded with deoxyribose sugar. RNA contains uracil instead of thymine, found in DNA. Functionally, RNA acts as a messenger and is involved in protein synthesis, among other roles, while DNA stores genetic information.
What is the difference between competitive and non-competitive inhibition in enzymatic reactions?
In competitive inhibition, the inhibitor resembles the substrate and competes for the active site, reducing the enzyme's efficiency. In non-competitive inhibition, the inhibitor binds to an allosteric site, changing the enzyme's shape and making it less effective or inactive. Both ultimately decrease the rate of enzym
What is the role of the hydrophobic effect in protein folding?
The hydrophobic effect is the tendency of nonpolar amino acid residues to move away from water and cluster in the protein's core. This is a driving force in protein folding as it stabilises the protein's three-dimensional structure, contributing to its functionality.
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