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Compare and contrast the structure of phloem sieve tubes and xylem vessels.
Phloem sieve tubes and xylem vessels are specialized plant transport tissues with distinct structural adaptations for their functions, differing primarily in cell wall composition, end plates, and cellular contents. Step-by-Step Solution: Structure Comparison: - Phloem: Living cells, thin cell walls, sieve plates w
What is meant by the term 'organ system'?
An organ system is a group of organs working together to perform specific biological functions necessary for maintaining homeostasis and survival of the organism. Step-by-Step Solution: Organs are structures made of multiple tissues working together for a specific function Multiple organs collaborate in a system (e
Calculate the frequency of the heterozygous genotype in a population using the Hardy-Weinberg principle.
The frequency of heterozygotes (2pq) is calculated by multiplying 2 × p × q, where p is the frequency of the dominant allele and q is the frequency of the recessive allele. Step-by-Step Solution: Start with p + q = 1 (where p and q are allele frequencies) Use Hardy-Weinberg equation: p² + 2pq + q² = 1 Heterozygote
Describe how giving a vaccine leads to the production of antibodies against a pathogen like HPV.
Vaccination triggers active immunity through a controlled exposure to weakened/inactive pathogens, leading to specific antibody production against HPV antigens. Step-by-Step Solution: Vaccine containing attenuated/inactivated HPV antigens enters body Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) engulf and process viral antigens
Explain what is meant by the term phenotype.
The phenotype is the observable physical and biochemical characteristics of an organism, resulting from the interaction between its genotype and environmental factors. Step-by-Step Solution: Phenotype = Observable traits (e.g., height, eye color, enzyme activity) Determined by: Genotype (genetic makeup) + Environme
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